The IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical - Free Essay Example

Project Title Analyzing the IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical wholesaler working in India. Abstract The aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. This project will investigate domain-specific requirements for billing, stock maintenance, customer services; keep track of drug licenses and retail pharmaceuticals in India. And develop a software system to automate wholesale pharmaceutical company in order bring effectiveness and productivity, profitability into business. Introduction Pharmacy is a domain, which has already shown lot of growth in India. As of now when we consider, it is still fast growing field when compared with other fields. â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works† is the first Indian pharmaceutical company. This company exists even now and operating in government sector. It was established in 1930. Since then most of the time India imported drugs from other countries. It happened for around 60 years. Later on in India, the government started helping pharmacy industries to see what they are today. At present there are many laws that govern pharmaceutical companies and drugs in India. There are some patent related rights. As of now Indian pharmaceutical industry is doing well and recognized by the world. It is having good share in the world market. In India around 20000 drug manufacturers exist. As peripheral outfits, medical wholesalers, retailers, dealers started growing. In this backdrop, the aim of this project is to enhan ce the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. When it comes the theme of this project that is increasing the effectiveness of drugs wholesalers by adopting Information Technology as the main instrument to provide quality of service to its customers and get maximum profits out of it. The main purpose of using such software is to improve the performance, transparency, consistency in the system. It is difficult to do many things manual. The manual system has the following drawbacks. Time consumption Error prone Less profitability Less customer satisfaction Provided the above drawbacks of manual system, if the same is automated we can reap the following benefits. The benefits of using such Information Systems can strengthen the pharmaceutical industry in India. Wholesalers in this field are important part of such businesses. It is not like taking care of one business. It is like taking care of complete chain of businesses. We should have good supply chain mechanism that works with co-ordination by all business partners. The wholesalers provide both stocking and distribution functionalities. They enable customers to get products easily whenever required. There must be trade association between manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers in order to provide in time and quality service to its consumers. The pharmaceutical wholesalers can also sale other related to products not only medicines. Other products related to medicine they can have some business. They can also provide technical information to people. They are equipped with the know ledge of various drugs and how to handle them and use them. One fine thing about pharmaceutical industry is that they are controlled by the government. This paves way to good and healthy nature among the companies that are into this market. Small and medium software systems can help wholesalers and business holders provide good service to their respective customers. Customer satisfaction is the key for any business to grow. For this we have got new subjects like â€Å"Customer Relationship Management† (CRM) and eCRM. The wholesalers could be a part of SCM (Supply Chain Management). In this case they can use the common software for entire chain. Or else they can have different software with heterogeneous nature and still work under common interfaces. They can work together to achieve the business goals of business partners. Once again I reiterate that Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. Client Background Padma Agencies is the pharmaceutical business wholesaler. Its business is located in Koti, Hyderabad, India. The shop area is 12*20 sqft space. Total staff is 10 members, in these 2 members fill the stock, 2 members writing bills, 1 member collecting cash, 5 members to save and packing all to customers. They dont have any problem in serving customers. Mostly the time is wasting at billing and calculating and at cash point because the calculating and billing is manually, so at cash point he must check the items and price and total again by manually due to containing the correct prices are available for customer or not. Here price can vary by mistakes. More Details of Example Company No data base is used to maintain the stock. There are different types of products and number of companies. The company salesmen (i.e., PG, Nestle, Cadbury, etc) come to the shop and check the quantity with help of staff member and place an order for stock to them by guessing the quantity. Expiry and damage stock will be replaced by company, if the staff can find it and hand over to company. Some products (i.e., summer products, rainy products, winter products) maintain heavy stock by their seasons and demanding products. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Customer Placing Order Customer visit with order form Customer can order by phone. Delivery Pickup the order forms from customers and serve the items to customer, after calculating manually and payment Taking the order from phone and packed in a handled care boxes and delivery by using transport facility. Payment Methods These shops accept by cash, cheques and D.D only. Selling The goods are sale only who have a drug license No(i.e., only for Retail Pharmaceuticals) Every product had a price on them i.e., called maximum retail price (M.R.P.). Present Mode of Operation They are selling all the products by whole sale price, now the present system is totally manually i.e. billing on a paper and calculating with calculators, stock maintenance is just by guessing. Price checking is maintain in a book and items are 6000-8000 different types of items they maintaining. Daily Maintenance In the company they are maintaining ten employees, 1 M.D, 1 assist manager. In these shops the customers are visit in 4-500 hundreds per day. The salesmans sales the goods only for whom having a drug license, so, here the customer should have a drug license number to buy any product in the shop. Selling Daily A customer comes with an order form containing of items, sizes and quantity. The present system is manual and has the following drawbacks. Is a semi-automated at where the information is stored in the form of excel sheets in disk drives. The information storage and maintenance is more critical in this system. Tracking the salesman activities, customer activities and progress of the work is a complex operation. Existing system cannot provide the facility of accepting cheques. Very less security because of file systems. Very less customer satisfaction as quality of service is less. Time consuming process because of manual report generation. Management of stocks may not be accurate. Prediction of drugs demand, based on seasons is complex. Placing of orders through phone and home delivery is not possible. This system cannot provide the information sharing by 247 days. Literature Review India Pharmaceutical Industry Richard Gerster said â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.†India is a country in which it is proven that growth of pharmaceutical science, manufacturing and wholesaling is more. Across the country there are about 20,000 manufacturing units. The drug control authority in India gives licenses to drug manufacturers. India has quality producers who complete with world giants in the same industry. It is made possible as India has advantages in terms of good and skilled man power, excellent and cost-effective chemical synthesis, and good financial and legal framework which will ensure faster growth in the industry, very good strength in information technology usage, globalization, and good opportunities for foreign investors in this sector. As can be seen in the above table large share of revenue is generated by pharmaceutica l industry in India. The table also shows the companies that stand top 10 positions. The future growth of India pharmaceutical sector is shown in the following diagram. Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a phenomenal growth in recent years. With low-cost manufacturing, most of small firms they dont have their own production facilities but they operate using the spare capacity of another company drug manufactures. High quality research, personal education and the facilities of manufacturing the Indian pharmaceuticals industry presents a competitive thread. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has got first in the Indian science based technologies with their wide range of capabilities in the complex of drugs manufacturing and technology. It is a highly organized sector worth to be a $4.5 billions and increasing the profitability with 8 to 9 percentage annually. Indian pharmaceutical industry placed before than all in terms of quality, technology, and the range of medi cine manufactured. It is manufacturing every type of medicine for a small things to sophisticated antibiotics. In the development of medicines Indian Pharmaceutical Industry playing a key role and it fallows the quality procedures by regulatory authorities in U.S.A and U.K. Many international companies are associated with this sector and these companies are assisted and stimulated for past more than 50 years and helps to India keep on the pharmaceuticals world. It is extremely fragmented with more than 20000 registered units and growing drastically in the last two decades. Only the leading 250 companies are getting 70 percentage of market with market leader holding 7% of the market share. With demanding of tablets, capsules, orals, bulk drugs, drug intermediates and pharmaceutical formulations, Indian pharmaceutical sector meets over 70% of the countries demands. In India there is 5 central public units, 250 large units and nearly 8000 small scale sector units. The Indian p harmaceutical industry has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovation of scientific manpower, strength of laboratories and increasing balance of trade. The pharmaceutical company is going on the international market with its rich scientific talent and research capabilities. The domestic pharma industry: The domestic pharma industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global assessment. Many Indian companies maintained amazing standards and stability, environmental production and supply of bulk drugs to some innovate companies. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants. Indian companies are now seeking more abbreviated new drug approvals in USA in specialized segments. Growth of Indian market: In the year of 2009 Indian pharmacy was assessed $7,743m which increments of 4% than 2007u.Business observers decided that India has made good percentage than other international companies. It is also appearing as a preferred location for pharmaceutical companies. India is the world fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals in volume. And it increases the productivity indirectly. Indian pharmaceutical industry reached us$10.88 billion and it is likely to becomes double in volume that is us$20.95 billion in 2014. Globalization of Indian pharmaceutical industry: In the early of 1990s the Indian government has opened its market to foreign investments and started the globalization. Indian pharmacy sector globalization took place with the other countries entered into this sector. Globalization has increased the world in recent years due to rapid progress especially in communications and transport. The various advantages of globalization is it brought huge amount of foreign currency into industry and turn to boost up India. With many foreign companies entering in Indian pharmacy sector, it increase the jobs availability in India. The benefits of Indian pharmaceutical globalization is, many of the foreign international companies entering into India and brought with a highly equipment technology and it improves the medicines quality and that were available to the people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international companies to grow up and for more profits. There are some disadvantages also appearing in globalization of Indian pharmacy that there may be increase the competition between foreign pharmaceutical companies and domestic companies. This will result that the profits may decrease and companies may shut-down. And one more disadvantage is many of the foreign pharmacy companies are taking over the domestic companies which happened already. This may led to fear that foreign companies will take over the Indian pharmacy companies. And many of employees lost their jobs by the company integrations. Advantage in India: India posses a skillful work force with high technical and as well as managerial competence. The track record of development and cost-schedule synthesis for various drug molecules are excellent. Legal framework is also good in India, financial market is also good. It has a good network of world most educational institutes. The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. after many years international pharmaceutical industry has discovered many opportunities in India. Future of pharmaceutical sector: The future of pharmaceutical sector in India is extremely good and positive. Several Indian companies are acquiring US Europe companies and several more are raising funds to do so. India has began recognizing global patents. In future Indian pharmacy going to be an unbeatable position in Pharmacy. It is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Market for pharmaceuticals in India has strong potential for increased growth. Generic drugs produced in India being accepted worldwide. Global pharmaceutical companies dealing a long term relationships with India. View of pharmaceutical sector: As in the present scenario only few people can afford costly medicines which has improved price sensitivity in the market. That is the reason most of the companies introducing the high quality medicines with low price drugs for giving the competition to other industries. With product patent act which takes place in January 2005, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is attracted the MNCs to India. At present most of the Indian companies are looking forward to tie up with foreign industries for in-licensed drugs. Contract research and pharmaceutical outsourcing are the new events in Indian pharmacy market. Indian multinational companies have created awareness about Indian market in world pharmacy industries. Legislative Framework Pertaining To Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India In the early 1990s, the drug industry in India was negligible and used to import drugs from other countries. Later the Indian government understood the situation and decided to introduce laws related to drug manufacturing and distribution. Gradually it ensured that industry is growing faster and introduced many other laws that govern the industry. At present in India the following acts and rules are present to control the manufacture, import, export and clinical research of medicines and cosmetics in India. The drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 The pharmacy act, 1948 The drugs and magic remedies act, 1954 The narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985 The medical and toilet preparations act, 1956 The drugs order, 1995 Academic Literature in on Requirements Analysis for Small Business Systems Pertaining to Pharmacy Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. They are: Electronic transfer of prescriptions Hospital e-prescribing Information governance The electronic prescriptions between prescribers and pharmacists improve the efficiency and quality of service. It allows various fragments of pharmacy related systems get connected seamlessly. The hospital e-prescribing programmed is used to support chain of activities like prescription, administration and supply of medicines. Information sharing is also possible among health related systems in the world. Known Issues that Affect Pharmaceutical Business There is an improving pressure on Pharmaceutical and bio-technology companies to use information technology in order to achieve their business goals. Areas in Health Care industry such as drug development, molecular research, formulary acceptance, detailing, contract sales, whole sailing has been affected by the rapid growth of IT industry The competition in the industry is comparing to be the best or second in the fray. Every area of pharmacy industry is affected by the influence of science and technology and organizations are compelled to take the help of IT at least to remain in the industry There are some issues related to laws of Indian government. The industry must stick to the acts/rules imposed by government. Such rules may be changing from time to time. Answer to many of these issues is in the ability of companies pertaining to pharmaceutical utilizing the full power of Information Technology to leverage its profitability. The information related challenges can be overcome by using Information Technology in bio technology and pharmacy. More about Pharmaceutical Industry in India The government of India has been very supportive for drug Industry in the country. The government has been giving many benefits to the pharmaceutical companies in India. They are given land for establishing company and also tax benefits related to business. The Indian government not only encouraging the companies in India, it also helped many foreign investors muster their funds and invest in India in the industry of pharmaceuticals. In the process of improvement this industry has faced many challenges too. The problems like lack of funding for beginners, difficulty in getting funds from government. The biochemical industry is uncertain. Another important problem faced by Indian pharmaceutical companies in the early stages for long time was that â€Å"lack of skilled human resources†. Of course this is there in all industries to some extent. Indian companies overcame such problems and now having a very good share in the world pharmaceutical business. Functional Requirements of Proposed System for Padma Agencies Maintenance of customer details. Stock maintenance. Billing. Order details. Keeping track of drug licenses. Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods. Customized report generation. The functional requirements are classified into the following modules Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing Stock Maintenance Module This module is responsible for complete stock maintenance. It takes care of complete inventory of medicines and related products. It can generate reports as per the stock status. As things are sold the changes in the physical store is reflected in this inventory. Ordering Module In this module all the work related to ordering of goods is done. Placing orders by predicting the behavior of the retailers and the customers. It takes care of orders sent by its retail customers. It is also responsible to generate reports related to orders received from its customers and order made to pharmacy manufacturers. Billing Module When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Salesman is the person who involves in bill preparation, report generation for the current stocks maintained and tracking the drug licenses of the retailers. It is responsible for billing activities for the licensed customers. It does mean that the retail businesses that contain a valid drug license are allowed to buy pharmacy products from this store. System Requirements Thorough understanding of the system in terms of technologies required warrants that the following are the software and hardware requirements to build this system. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System : Windows XP/2000/2003/Vista Technology : Core Java, JDBC, Swings (JDK 1.5/1.6) Database Server : Oracle 9i/10G HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4 RAM : 256MB (minimum) Research Methodology Case 1: Standard labeling rules when dispensing medicines. Interfacing with a standard accounting package. Providing links to manufacturers web pages about specific products. Drug wholesalers websites to get some ideas? Standard Labeling Rules When Dispensing Medicines: A system for automated dispensing of a packaged pharmaceutical comprising good medicine labeling standards is vital to ensure the safe use of medicines. The intention of this study is to evaluate and compare compliance towards labeling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners. The medicines for human use Regulations 1994 specify the requirements for the labeling of relevant medical products which are supplied to patients. Dispensed medicines would normally require being added number of details at the time of supply. But much of the information about medicines will be available on the label of hospital manufacturing unit. The regulations has amended to allow for a reduced dispensing label requirement to cover the patient name, date of dispensing , dose or volume , direction to use and cautionary steps to follow. The medical product has to be prepared or dispensed in accordance with the prescription by the given practitioner. The a ssembled product is for retail supply or circumstances corresponding to retail supply. The assembled product must be sold from that pharmacy or at any other registered pharmacy forming part of the same retail pharmacy business. The assembled product cannot be advertised. The over label must not obscure the printed text of a licensed pack in any way. The label has to apply to the blank area designated on the original pack for the dispensing label. In cases where an original pack does not have provision for a dispensing label, the over label should be firmly attached to the pack in a manner that is easily readable and does not obscure the licensed text nor interfere with the safe and effective use of the medicine. Original packs over labeled in accordance with these principles may be supplied direct to hospital pharmacies, health centers etc without the necessity for formal variation of the Marketing Authorization by the Marketing Authorization holder. Breaking bulk (manufacturers original pack) will require a variation to the respective Marketing Authorization. It would be normally good practice to add the date of the supply; it can be form as a following diagram. The dispensed container should me labeled with the following information Practice name, address and 24 hour telephone number(s). hould specify the intended users. Client name, patient name and client address also. Purpose of the drug prescription, Drug name and Strength. Number if tables or volume in case of liquid. Date dispensed. Direction for use like dose, frequency and method taking the drug. Relevant information and warnings, and the process of preventing the danger if the drug has taken accidentally. Labeling of investigational medicines This paragraph is about the standard labeling for the investigational products which are used in clinical trials. The trail has to be conducted within the Member states conducted by study. The planning of trail doesnt require any particular manufacturing. The normal dispensing label would be of the form as shown below In addition to this quantity of dose (number of tables/capsules) is also to be added. It can also include Name of sponsor, means name research organization /investigator. Trail reference code specifying the identification of the trail site. It would contain the information on the product, dosage, storage conditions, and batch number etc. Interfacing With a Standard Accounting Package The pharmaceutical wholesaler â€Å"Padma Agencies† can have its account part integrated with some standard accounting packages already available in the market instead of reinventing the wheel again. At present its mode of payment is as shown below. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Instead of making all the modules in the pharmaceutical application, the application can be integrated with a standard account package. All the functionalities provided by accounting packages can be reused if we can seamlessly integrate our application with that. This is possible provided standard interfaces given by the accounting packages vendors that support integration with the applications developed in other languages. This integrates accounting, accounts receivable, and inventory management systems, which allows the distributor headquarters to operate with minimal staffing. Each step of the process is self-contained and modular allowing rapid and flexible geographic expansion. Web Links to Drug Manufactures From the application we can provide the web links to different manufacturing companies across the world. So if some specific product is not available from local market that should be purchased from the manufacturing company. For that if required product has selected and makes a request than the manufacturing company web site will be explored. Pharmaceutical involves manufacturing of drugs and equipments in healthcare. Development of drugs is a costly process in pharmaceutical. And the drug producing companies should have commercial license for research and development according to the rules and regulations of the drug license standard body. And distribution and marketing is also a vital role. The pharmaceutical market of India has achieved a tremendous growth in technology and infrastructure. The sites can introduce you about the pharmaceutical industry. And site will provide the information about the latest innovations and developments and future scopes of the pharmaceutical industry. And the different aspects of the pharmaceutical industry have been explored. Moreover it provides history information about pharmaceutical industry along with its future scope. In addition to manufacturer information it is also provide that the product information, complete description of the product, its usage, storage conditions, ingredients ration, and whom should use under which circumstances. The pharmaceutical wholesalers are having a vital role in supply of medications. For ethical pharmaceuticals wholesaler provides a link between pharmaceutical manufactures and retail outlet pharmacies, dispensing doctors and hospitals and promoting the new innovative medications. The responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical wholesaler Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide distribution and stock holding functions. And for customers the products should be provided according to their daily requirements. So that avoiding customers having large stock. Retails pharmacists and dispensing doctors have to keep normal working medicine stock. The wholesalers have to efficiently supply on a daily basis or even within a shorter period after receiving the orders from their customers. Full line wholesalers can stock and sell a full range of pharmaceuticals. But Short line wholesalers should sell only fast moving products; they should not contain all the products stock. They can import these products from manufacturers or foreign wholesalers. According to the estimations of National Association of Pharmaceutical distributors (NAPD) almost 65% of supply is done by pharmaceutical wholesalers. And 25% of supply is done by manufacturers directly, and the remaining 10% is done by short line wholesalers. These products supply may fluctuate depending on the volume of parallel products. In addition to medications the pharmaceutical wholesalers also supply health related goods, but this proportion is very less in their profit. A pharmacist must also maintain stocks of very less demanded products. In UK the majority of wholesalers provide Monday to Friday, twice daily to the pharmacies they serve. And the important point here is around two third of the orders are placed through computer terminals and the remaining by telephone. Generally pharmacists place their orders before lunch time, with delivery during afternoon. To provide an effective service to the patient, the pharmaceutical wholesaler provide a wide range of products nearly 10000 items , twice daily. For the meet the quick demands in addition to normal supply there will be usually an emergency service. And other information provided by pharmaceutical wholesalers is providing technical information on matters relating to drugs they supply their specialization, marketing services, financial support and in-pharmacy computers. Some of Our Features All the products will be arranged in a category manger. So it is easy to select the product and give online order. The category is shown as bellow. The patients can get the information about the products online. The information provides the product name, quantity, Package, and how does it work etc. Shop by category: Acne-treatment Acromegaly Allergies Anemia Anesthesia Antacid Anti-aging-supplement Anti-asthma Antibacterial Antibiotics Anticoagulant Antidepressant Antiepileptic Antifungal Antihelmintic Antihypertensive Antihistamine Anti-Infection Anti-inflammatory Antilipsin Antimycotic Ant nausea-and-vomiting Antineoplastic Ant peristaltic Antipsychotic Anti-Radiation Antiseptic Antispasmodics Ant thrombosis Antiviral-agents Antivirus-bird-flu Anxiety Arthritis Baldness-treatment Birth-Control Body-Care Cardiology Chest-Pain Cholesterol Reducers Cold-and-flu Contraception Diabetes-medicine Diarrhea Disinfectant Diuretic Ears-dropper Eczema-Treatment Endocrinology Endometriosis Eyes-dropper Food Supplement Glucocorticoid Headache Heart-Disease Hemorrhoids Hepatitis-B HIV-infection Homeopathic-medication Hypertension Hypotensive IBS Immunostimulant Immunosuppressant Infertility Laxatives Liver-Disease Memory-improvement Men-health Mainers syndrome Migraine Muscle Relaxant Neuro protective Nicotine-dependence Oncology Ophthalmology Osteoporosis Other Pain Relief Pancreatic-insular-diabetic Parkinson-disease Parodontosis Prevent-ulcers Progestins Psoriasis-treatment Rosaceous-reduction Sclerosis Sedative Medication Stomach-Ache Stomach-Ulcer Surgery Varicose-veins Vitamins Weight-loss Women-health Wrinkle-evening-ou Price The price can change dynamically we wont publish the products price before. So we always provide the latest prices in a timely manner, the day you are going to order for the product. The price for transportation/shipping will depends on the location you live, order amount etc Packaging Our packing specialist will ensure your goods to arrive always in perfect condition. Every order, from a fragile box to a container load, is given the same care and attention. All specific conditions, under which the product should be shipped, such as Cold Storage, will be kept. We sell both branded and generic medications. Freight We are able to propose you any way of shipment, by road, sea and air. If it is needed we can supply you with the necessary documentation: Airway Bills and Ocean Bills of Lading, Certificate of origin. Some List of Products and Services Anti Allergic Drugs Anti Diabetic Medicines Antidepressant Drugs Antifungal Drugs Antiseptic Drugs Bulk Drugs Cardiovascular Drugs Disinfectants Drug Formulations Essential Oils Fine Chemicals Herbal Drugs Micro Crystalline Cellulose Multivitamins Nutraceuticals Pharmaceutical Bulk Drugs Pharmaceutical Chemicals Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Stearates Steroids Regulation of the pharmaceutical market The department of health will control the pharmaceutical wholesale market. In addition to this two types of control which have an effect and the market. These are Wholesale dealers license And Pharmaceutical price regulation scheme. Wholesale Dealers License Under the medicine act 1968 and regulations made under that act, all wholesalers of ethical pharmaceuticals have to be licensed by the Department of Health. For these particular considerations will be taken into account such as storage space available for products, arrangements made for securing the sage products etc. Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme All pharmaceuticals are prescribed to the patient under the scheme of National Health Service (NHS) which bears the most of the cost. And PPRS is intended to prevent the pharmaceutical companies earning excessive profits. PPRS can decide the discount on some products depending on the usage of patient. Case 2: Every developer has to follow certain approach to develop or build systems in a systematic approach. Applying software engineering principles bring about clarity in development teams and good scheduling of phases and optimum utilization of human resources is possible. The Software Engineering principles make the project development makes feasible both technically and financially. Software Engineering covers some CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tools also. These tools facilitate to work with all phases of development easily. There are many issues related to software development. For analysis and design we can use approaches like object oriented approach, procedure oriented approach. Object oriented approach considers everything as objects that can be used to solve problems. To model such things we can use UML (Unified Modeling Language) notations. They are used to model complex systems that help the developers and clients to understand the system clearly. In case of pr ocedure oriented systems, we can use DFD (Data Flow Diagrams) in order to show a structural flow of various modules in the system. It is a kind of Structured Analysis and Design. Its notations are different from that of UML. These symbols are process oriented. They are used to show the functionality of the system. It has context diagram, level 0, level 1 etc. in order to elaborate the requirements further. Other consideration is building a backend for the project. Backend is nothing but the database which stores huge amount of data. It is a repository of data, which allows us to create and manage databases. It could be an RDBMS/ORDBMS. It is very consistent and widely used relational technology for back ends. To design backend we can use ERD (Entity Relationship Diagrams). ER diagrams show the relationships between the tables used in the backend. It also shows association, cardinality, and navigation and so on. To reiterate, it is good practice to use a process model as per so ftware engineering principles to build systems without fail. We can minimize failure ratio by following one of the process models. A process model helps us do the project with all precautions and measures to be taken to develop it successfully. The following is the overview of all process models used in the industry. Process Model: Process model is a framework that describes the activities performed in each phase of a software project development. Currently there are several types of process models are existing .Fallowing are the six important models that are using in most of the software project development. Waterfall Model V-Model RAD(Rapid Application Development) Model Incremental model Spiral Model and Iterative model Waterfall Model: This is the most common using life cycle model .It is also referred as linear sequential life cycle model. It is easy to understand and use .In this model, each phase must have done when go for begin next phase. At the end of each phase a review takes place to find out whether the project is going in a right-way or not to continue or discard the project. The main advantage in waterfall model is, the ‘phases do not overlap in development. It works well when quality is more important than cost and schedule. It sets the requirements stability and good for management control. Here the milestones also very well understood. Advantages: Easy to use Easy to manage due to rigidity of the model-each phase has reviews and specific deliverables. Phases, one at a time only can be processed and completed. Useful when requirements are well known and works well for smaller projects. Useful for creating a new version of existing product or porting an existing product to a new platform. Disadvantages: Poor model for long and ongoing projects. Poor model where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing. Adjusting the scope during lifecycle may kill the project. High amount of risk and uncertainty. Can give a false impression of progress. Integration is difficult at the end. V-Model: It is the excellent choice for systems requiring high reliability. It is a variant of the waterfall model that emphasizes the verification and validation of the product. It is a sequential path of execution of the processes, like waterfall. Each phase must complete when go for next. Testing is more emphasized in this model. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding phase of development. Before going to any coding, testing procedures should be developed, during each of the phase preceding implementation. Requirements begin the life cycle model. Before development is started a system test plan is created. This test plan is focuses on meeting the functionality specified in gathering requirements. High-level design phase focuses on system architecture and design. An Integration test plan is created in this phase for testing the software systems which creates an ability to work together. Low-level design phase is where the actual software components are designed. A unit test plan creates here. The Implementation phase is the actual coding place. Once the coding has done (transform the algorithms into software), the execution will continue with the right side of the V and test plan will be used which developed earlier. Emphasize planning for verification and validation in early stages of product development Each deliverable must be testable Management can track progress by milestones. Simple and easy to use. Disadvantages: Does not contain risk analysis activities. Does not handle iterations or phases. Does not handle dynamic changes in requirements easily Low flexibility, expensive, and adjusting scope is difficult. No early software prototypes will produce because the development has at the implementation phase. RAD Model: RAD Model is an incremental software development model that takes very short duration of development cycle. It is high-speed adaptation of ‘Waterfall model, where the result of each cycle is a fully functional system. It reduces the cycle time and improves the productivity with less people means less cost. This approach mitigates cost and schedule risks. It uses modeling concepts to capture information about business, data, and processes. Focus moves from documentation to code. RAD Model is mainly used for information systems applications. RAD approach encompasses the fallowing phases. Business Modeling: The business functions are modeled in a way that gives complete idea on what information drives the business process, what information is generated, who generated and what processes it. Data Modeling: This information flow defined as part of the Business modeling and it refined into a set of data objects. The attributes of each object are identified and the relationships between these objects are defined. Process Modeling: The data objects defined in the Data Modeling are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function. Processing descriptions are created for doing operations (like adding, modifying, retrieving, delete) for data object. Application Generation: RAD works to reuse existing program components or create reusable components. In all cases automatic tools are used to develop a project. Testing and Turnover: RAD Model emphasizes the reuse option, many of the program components have been tested already. This minimizes the testing and development effort. Advantages: It is suggest full when technical risks are low or high performance is not required. Reduces the cycle time. Minimizes the cost and scheduled time. Disadvantages: Hard to use with legacy systems. Developers and customers must be committed to rapid-fire activities in an abbreviated time-frame. Requires a modularized system. For large projects RAD requires sufficient resources to create the RAD teams. Incremental Model: It is an initiative approach to Waterfall model. Multiple development cycles takes place for making multiple Waterfall cycle. These cycles can divide into multiple smaller and easily managed iterations. These iterations can pass through the life-cycle phases such as analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases. A partial implementation of system software is produced during the first iteration and subsequent iterations can be produced on the initial software. If there is a need to get basic functionality early it is most suggest full. Advantages: More flexible, less cost to change requirements and scope. So, risk of changing requirements is reduced Each iteration is an easily managed milestone. Produces the partial working software quickly and early during lifecycle. During a small iteration it is easy to use and easy to debug. Disadvantages: Requires early definition of a complete and fully functional system. Well defined module interfaces are required. Each phase of iteration should be rigid-do not overlap. Spiral Model: Spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with more emphasis placed on risk analysis. It has four phases: planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation. A software project passes through these four phases in iterations (called spirals). A baseline spiral, starting on the planning phase requirements are gathered and risk is assessed. And each sub-sequent spirals build on the baseline spiral. Requirements are gathered in the planning phase In the risk analysis , a process is undertaken to identify the risks and as well as appropriate solutions. After completion of risk analysis phase one prototype will be produced. Software is produced in the engineering phase The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project before going to the next spiral. In the spiral model, the angular component represents the progress and radius of the spiral represents cost. Advantages: Good for medium to high-risk projects. High amount of risk analysis. If significant changes are expected it will be useful. Disadvantages: Costly to use. Risk assessment expertise is required. Spiral may continue indefinitely. Doesnt suitable for small projects. Project success rate is highly dependent on risk analysis phase. Iterative Model: Iterative Model addresses many problems associated with waterfall model. In this model the analysis is done in the same way as it is in the waterfall model. There is no need to start the model with full fledged specifications of requirements. Development is beginning with the specifications of the part of the software which can then be reviewed in order to identify further requirements. It produces, every time a new version of the software for each cycle of the model. In requirement phase , gather all the requirements for the software and analyzed it. Iteration should eventually produce complete and final specification of requirements. In design phase , all requirements are designed. The designing may be a new one or extension for the old one. In the Implementation and Test phase, the software is coded, integrated and tested. In Review phase, the software is evaluated, the current requirements are reviewed again and additions to requirements are proposed. At each cycle of the model a decision has to be made for whether the software produced by the software will be discarded or keep it for the next cycle as a starting point. Advantages: Faster coding, testing and design patterns. Facilitates to support changes in the life cycle. Disadvantages: More time to spend for analysis and design. Delay in one phase effects on entire software. Lot of steps to fallow in this model. Which Process Model is best? This is not easy question to answer as there are many factors that influence it. Having discussed all the process models, now we have some fair idea about many process models. With this knowledge, we can easily choose the best model. We can use waterfall model when all requirements are known before starting developing project. However, it is not suitable for applications where the requirements not known. Prototype, Iterative and Increment Models are best used when there is some uncertainty about requirements. They can be used when the requirements are not known. They are exploratory models. For the proposed project â€Å"Waterfall† model can be used as all the requirements are known prior to developing the system. How the methodology is going to apply to our project? Requirements Gathering: This is the most important phase to build a system. Failure of gathering right requirements may leads to collapse the entire system. So a single biggest requirement of a project may leads project failure case also. In this step first we analyzed manual functionalities of the system. We understood the problems and limitations of the manual system. We understood actual functional requirements of the proposed system for this we asked many questions and we gather more information about the system what they actually need. Basis on the manual process we prepared functional requirements and we suggested unique name for each requirement. Like Maintenance of customer details Stock maintenance Billing Order details Keeping track of drug licenses Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods Customized report generation Design: Is a complete plan to solve the problems of a software. Provides complete process to build a good software. In this we designed a hierarchy for each functional requirement decomposed into pieces of hierarchal step wise statements with more detail. Example , for pharmacy billing When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Once the functionalities of Pharmacy system are classified then we grouped the related functionalities as a module, in this totally we got 3 modules, like Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing. After this we designed software architecture to develop this system, because based on schedule, cost, and quality the software architecture returns highest returns on investments. So that in this project we are going to use 2 tier architecture, to make the system initially as stand-alone system. In our project we are going to Java Swings API to develop GUI based user interfacing to interact with the system. Back end database may be either Oracle/MySQL we can use to store huge amount of logical related information. In the back end database we are going to maintain billing information, Order Details and customer information, Stock details information and payment details (cash/ cheque..etc). To interact with the back end data base system, from GUI interface we need JDBC API to perform database relevant query operations towards the underlying database. In this software design we considered many aspects according to our project. Compatibility of backend and platforms, designing software etc, Extensibility we ensure the system design even to add new enhancements in future like to make as web based system. And we designed carefully each functionality as Modular functionality, and are designing Modular components are reusable components because the stock functionality may reuse in order details. We design the system according to Security concerns also. Our system should authenticate first before providing its functionalities. We are considering Admin login and end user logins for this system. Implementation: It is nothing but simply a plan to implement the system design. Already I designed the proposed system, now this is one of the level gives detailed information about how the system should implement based on the design considerations. In the Software, the programming languages are the number of implementation in software development. Our project I am going to implement using JAVA swings, JDBC API. Swing API is more reliable and consistent GUI for all platforms i.e. there is no in appearance even executes on many more platforms, where as AWT components with specific look feel i.e. changes their appearance for one platform to another platform. Swings components have their own look feel, where as AWT with their native GUI. Swings with efficient event handling model than AWT event handling model. Swings with MVC pattern allows to customize the model layer of the GUI component, where as AWT doesnt. So Swings I am going to use for user interfacing. In this implement ation the actual coding of project is going to start like with pieces of programs. Once the programming is over then these are all small units integrated in the next phase. In our project we have 3 modules like, 1. Stock Maintenance 2. Ordering 3. Billing. Each module consist pieces (or) units of programs. In this phase each unit is tested for their functionality. For Example, Accept Order functionality tested whether its functionality performs in successful manner or not. This kind of functional testing for each functionality known as Unit Testing. This testing ensures whether the module (or) functionality reaches to their functional or not. With this we can overcome the bugs in the project, helps to develop a bug free system. For this we can use JUnit test tool. Integration and System Testing: In this phase the tested units are going to integrate like as a complete system. System testing means we will test the complete integrated system to ensure all the modules whether they reached their target functionality or not, in this we will get co-ordination among whole modules of the system as per the specification. Once the Integration system testing is over it delivers to end user. The medicine inventory and report status as per the stock and all these functionalities are over then we will integrate all the related unit of programs under Stock maintenance module. we will perform module testing for Inventory, billing and order modules to ensure their module functionality. Deliver or Maintenance and Operations: This phase is also known as ever ending phase. Because while developing the software some problem may arise and we can solute through unit testing and system testing as discussed above. But some are the problems may raised once we deploy the project into the client machine. During runtime or practical use some issues may raise for the system functionality. So I going to provide time to time solution for the system as come under maintenance. Once the system is build I need to provide supports maintenance to Padma Pharma Agencies. PLANNING: SL NO Activity Min time Max time 1 Review the literature to find out the requirements. 1 weeks 3 weeks 2 Understand the requirements of the client 2 weeks 4 weeks 3 Research and Analysis for developing project. 4 weeks 6 weeks 4 Design a backend, user interface and development. 8 weeks 10 weeks 5 Code functionality for the application 6 weeks 8 weeks 6 Test the application and user documentation 3 weeks 5 weeks 8 Critically evaluate the project. 1 week 2 weeks References 1. https://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-industry/ 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_India 3. https://cdsco.nic.in/html/law.htm 4. https://www.wipro.in/Domains/Healthcare/hospitalinfosys.htm 5. https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000224095.pdf 6. https://www.rpsgb.org.uk/worldofpharmacy/currentdevelopmentsinpharmacy/itinpharmacy/index.html 7. https://www.ciber.com/enterprise-integration/pharmaceutical-business-intelligence/ 8. https://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx 9. https://aspalliance.com/articleViewer.aspx?aId=1017pId=-1 10. www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models 11. https://www.rspa.com/spi/process-prescriptive.html 12. https://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/staff/eportfolios/paulwalcott/courses/comp2145/2009/software_process_models.htm 13. https://www.elucidata.org/refs/seglossary.pdf 14. https://toostep.com/trends/types-of-sdlc-models.htm 15. https://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1989/fulltext/253c2.pdf 16. https://www.jrosspub.com/Engine/Shopping/catalog.asp?store=12category=-1item=14192 17. www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/industry/drug-pharma.htm 18. https://www.espicom.com/prodcat.nsf/Product_ID_Lookup/00001851?OpenDocumentgclid=CI2Q-diUpp8CFYItpAodHB 19. https://www.ct-toolkit.ac.uk/_db/_documents/labelling.pdf. 20. https://www.nzva.org.nz/files/sharedimages/_Word_-_B2_1_3_Packaging___Labelling_16May03.pdf 21. https://www.anilinepharma.com/ 22. https://www.acutecareonline.com/ 23. https://www.amerisourcebergen.com/abc/ 24. http:[email  protected]/* */!88!8C!2334A770D612/AlexanderYnzon/Pharmaceutical/ 25. https://www.aipharma.com/ 26. https://www.apluspharmaceuticals.com/ 27. https://www.aurorapharm.com/